Atmospheric Model vs TimeCrystal

The app uses a simple radiative transfer model for a planet with two leaky* atmospheric layers. It begins by calculating Te, the emission temperature of the planet by using the Solar constant and planetary Albedo. Te is called the Blackbody temperature because it is inferred by fitting a Blackbody curve to the observed outbound LWIR radiation. You can choose any of the 9 planets in our solar system, or choose one of your own making. The app then uses 5 parameters for the chosen “base” planet: the Albedo (alpha), distance from the sun (r), extinction coefficients of two atmospheric layers (epsilon1, 2), and the solar constant S0 to calculate temperatures and radiative flux densities. One can modify these 5 adjustable parameters from their base values, and update the result. A flux diagram is generated showing the incoming short wavelength (SW), and outgoing long wavelength (LW) radiation. Two model run results can be saved and differences displayed. Also, runs can be saved to a .csv file for E-mail export and spreadsheet analysis. Calculate the “natural” 33K greenhouse effect (compare Earth with and without an atmosphere), or change the extinction coefficients to see the effect of adding or reducing absorbing gasses. Predict what Mars might be like with an atmosphere, or see what would happen if the characteristics of our sun, albedo or planetary orbit change. This simple model can create hours of fun. The base parameter values for Earth nicely calculate Ts, Te, and T1 (upper troposphere) values, and the model correctly predicts Te’s for all the planets. INSTRUCTIONS: Load app, choose a “base” planet, segue with Update. Click Update to calculate the temperatures and flux densities. Segue to inspect the flux densities, and/or modify the base parameters to see changes. Save and compare differences in 2 runs. (C/C0) values are in CO2 equivalents. Save runs to .csv file for spreadsheet analysis. USAGE TIPS: Start with a base planet, but realize this simple 2 layer model cannot accurately predict the surface temperatures of the gas giants or Venus. Pressing the Back button allows you to refresh your parameter or base planet choices. Remember a 5 K change in Ts resulted in the Earth’s last Ice Age! For convenience, the Test planet can be used to create your own set of parameters without entering a planet name. Increasing the solar constant increases all temperatures. Increasing epsilon does nothing to Te, which depends only on S0, r, and alpha. Press On/Off & Home takes flux diagram screenshot. It is easy to remove a saved data file run (row) after import to spreadsheet. RADIATIVE FORCING and CLIMATE SENSITIVITY: Radiative forcing (dF) can be used to estimate the change in surface temperature (dTs) arising from that forcing using: dTs = lambda x dF, where lambda is the Climate Sensitivity in K / (W/m2). Forcing due to an atmospheric greenhouse gas such as CO2 can be expressed as: dF (in W/m2) = 5.35 × ln (C/C0), where C is the CO2 concentration [CO2] and C0 is the initial concentration (in ppm). For a single atmospheric layer Earth, changing the base value of epsilon = 0.78 to epsilon = 0.83 (d-epsilon = 0.05) gives an 3K T rise; roughly the equivalent of doubling [CO2] (and a forcing of 3.71 W/m2). There has been a [CO2] increase between the years 1750 (280 ppm) and 2000 (380 ppm). Thus dF = 5.35 x ln (370/280) = 1.5 W/m2. dTs = lambda x dF = 0.8 (K/(W/m2)) x 1.5 (W/m2) = 1.2 K over that timeframe (d-epsilon 0.02 used). * Leaky implies epsilon less than 1.

Introducing TimeCrystal, the ultimate time machine app that offers a captivating journey through time with the power of AI. Immerse yourself in a journey through time to whenever and wherever you wish, where you can unfold historical events, explore art and culture, discover technological advancements, and engage with the most influential figures that shaped our world. To unlock the app special features and delve deeper into history, users can purchase Time Crystals within the app. To Time Travel, choose the space and time and get ready to transport yourself back in time and explore historical like never before. The app will unveil a treasure trove of insights into your chosen spacetime, offering you a remarkable glimpse into: Major Events: Time Crystal lets you unlock the secrets of history by providing a comprehensive overview of the major events that unfolded in your chosen spacetime. From significant battles to groundbreaking discoveries, you'll gain unparalleled insights into the pivotal moments that shaped the world. Daily Life: Step into the shoes of people from different eras and witness how they lived, worked, and interacted. Through Time Crystal's immersive simulations, you'll get a firsthand glimpse of the customs, traditions, and routines that defined the daily lives of our ancestors. Art and Culture: Immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of art and culture from your selected spacetime. Explore mesmerizing works of art, indulge in vibrant music and dance performances, and unravel the literary masterpieces of the era. Experience the cultural essence of bygone civilizations like never before. Technological Advancements: Discover the groundbreaking technological marvels that emerged in your chosen era. From remarkable inventions to scientific breakthroughs, Time Crystal showcases the cutting-edge developments that transformed society and laid the foundation for the world we inhabit today. Prominent Figures: Interact and learn from the most influential figures of your desired spacetime. Time Crystal allows you to select from a curated list of prominent historical figures, enabling you to engage in virtual conversations with them. Through the power of the time crystal, you can summon these illustrious individuals and gain firsthand knowledge of their experiences, wisdom, and insights. Unique and Personalized Experience. Every journey you undertake through Time is a unique experience. Time Crystal conveniently stores your search data, allowing easy access to previously explored historical information. Tailor your journey through time and quickly revisit your favorite eras and discoveries. Download Time Crystal today and unlock the depths of history, ignite your curiosity, and unveil the untold stories that have shaped our world. Purchase Crystals, embark on unforgettable time travel adventures, and unlock a wealth of historical knowledge at your fingertips.