Chemical Equilibrium vs FlightPlan!

Chemical Equilibrium is a tool for accurate estimation of concentrations and pressures of the chemical reaction reactants and products at equilibrium. The application derives final, equilibrium parameters based on equilibrium constants (Kc and Kp), initial concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients. Additionally, app calculates reaction quotient for any given concentrations and stoichiometry. For a general chemical reaction: aA + bB = cC + dD, the Reaction Quotient (Q) is defined by: Q= (C^c * D^d) / (A^a * B^b)  where A, B, C, D – are compounds’ concentrations or pressures and a, b, c, d are stoichiometric coefficient*. Sum of powers determines the reaction order. *Importantly, real system powers may differ from reaction coefficients, due to overall reaction mechanism complexity. If Q is not equal to reaction equilibrium constant K (Kc for concentrations and Kp for pressures), then reaction is not at equilibrium and it will proceed (due to difference in forward and reverse reaction speeds) to the direction defined by Q. If Q is less than K reaction will move towards products (C and D), in opposite case – reverse reaction will prevail. Example: For given reaction: 2A + 1B =  3D + 2E , initial reaction concentrations are Ao=0.1M, Bo=0.2M, Do=0.3M and Eo=0.4M and  Kc=1 M^2.   the Reaction Quotient (Q) is defined by:          Q= (D^3 * E^2) / (A^2 * B)  Loading the data to “Chemical Equilibrium” app, Reaction Quotient is immediately calculated, giving Q= 2.16 M^2. Apparently Q>K, suggesting that reaction is too close to the products side and reverse reaction will prevail to bring the reaction back to the equilibrium. The new equilibrium concentrations of reaction components can be derived from the equation: Apparently, solving this equation is rather demanding task, that turns to be unnecessary, since “Chemical Equilibrium” app immediately returns the answer: Aeq= 118.5 mM, Beq= 209.2 mM, Deq= 272.3 mM and Eeq= 381.5 mM. The application features: •To start calculation user is required to fill in stoichiometric coefficients, initial concentrations (pressures) of available components, and equilibrium constant Kc (Kp). •Reaction coefficients are actually representing powers and therefore define reaction order. •If certain compound do not contribute to equilibrium calculations, like water in aqueous solution, then to exclude the compound it is required to long press on its name field. To signal about the change, the background colour of the non contributing field is altering. To revert compound to the normal state it is required to long press again the appropriate field. See the screenshot. •To start calculation initially or after updating the concentration or coefficient fields, user is requested to tap Run button! •Significant attention should be paid to concentration, pressure and equilibrium constant units. App automatically changes the set of available units as per order of reaction! •The power of equilibrium constant units depicted as “x” is defined as (c+d-a-b), where a, b, c and d are the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction. •The basic conversions are as follows: 1 M= (1e3) mM 1 atm=101325 Pa

This app allows you to visually program a flight plan for the Tello Drone and then upload it to the drone for execution. You can also fly the drone manually with the app if you wish. Real time telemetry from the drone is displayed on the glass cockpit. Tello is a mini drone equipped with a HD camera that is manufactured by Ryze Robotics and includes a flight controller with DJI smarts. We access the Tello API by connecting to the airframe via a WiFi UDP port. Once a connection is in place, the drone is controlled using simple text commands. So before using the app, make sure that your Tello drone is on and the iPhone is connected to the Tello WiFi. You can check this by going to Settings -> WiFi. The first time that you use the app it will request your permission to use Location Services. This is required to allow the app to determine the SSID of the WiFi connection so we know when you are connected to the drone. The app doesn't use location services for anything else. The app has two modes of operation: manual and planning / auto pilot. The app status is shown in the top centre panel. This panel also indicates whether WiFi is connected or not. It may take a few seconds for a change in WiFi status to be displayed.  If you are connected to the Tello and in manual mode, then tapping the take off icon will cause the drone to auto take off and hover. Tapping land will auto land. Only tap emergency stop if necessary as it will immediately stop all four motors and the drone will fall out of the sky! Tapping the plan button toggles the app state between planning mode and manual mode. In planning mode a grid (representing the ground) and yellow arrow (representing the drone), will appear. The arrow direction indicates the front of the drone. In planning mode, you can enter the sequence of commands which will be transmitted to your drone for execution. Start with take off or you will receive a warning message. When you are finished with your flight plan tap land. The arrow will simulate the position of the drone but is not to scale. Tapping the upload icon will send your flight plan to the Tello and execute it. While the plan is being flown, the app will display the glass cockpit. Real time telemetry from the drone is displayed on the glass cockpit. This includes pitch, roll, yaw, velocity (x, y, z), temperature, time of flight (tof), height, battery percentage, motor on time, barometric pressure, and acceleration (x, y, z). A full description of how the app operates is provided at our website (reefwing.com.au). FlightPlan is a refined version of another that I described in an article called "Programming the Tello Drone using Swift." (https://medium.com/@reefwing/programming-the-tello-drone-using-swift-f9122fd4aeb8?). You can refer to this article to understand how the app operates and create your own version.