Thermochemistry vs Atomic Orbitalz

Thermochemistry helps in evaluation of enthalpy or heat release/absorption of a system undergoing numerous temperature changes and phase transitions. The calculations take advantage of known values of heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) and molar or per gram enthalpy of phase transition. Amount of compound can be defined in grams or moles, in a way that Cp and enthalpy units would match. App provides enthalpy values for each step. Negative enthalpy points to exothermic process – heat release, while positive one to endothermic - heat absorption. °C and K are interchangeable. Calorimetry section provides means for evaluation of the heat capacity of calorimeter and for finding equilibrium temperature of mixed system. Forward arrow button sets the final temperature of the mixture. Backward arrow button sets missing temperature or heat capacity of one of the components. Enthalpy values show heat flow for each component. Example of problems solved by application (screenshots): Problem 1: Calculate the amount of energy required to change 100.0 g of ice at -15.0 °C to steam at 125.0 °C. Known values: Heat of melting = 334.16 J g¯1 Heat of vaporization = 2259 J g¯1 specific heat capacity for solid water (ice) = 2.06 J g¯1 K¯1 specific heat capacity for liquid water = 4.184 J g¯1 K¯1 specific heat capacity for gaseous water (steam) = 2.02 J g¯1K¯1 Solution: 1) Heating of 100.0 g of ice from -15.0°C to 0.0°C: (100.0 g) (15.0 K) (2.06 J g¯1 K¯1) = 3090 J 2) Melting of 100.0 g of ice: (100.0 g) (334.16 J g¯1) = 33416 J 3) Heating of 100.0 g of liquid water from zero to 100.0 Celsius: (100.0 g) (100.0 K) (4.184 J g¯1 K¯1) = 41840 J 4) Evaporations of 100.0 g of liquid: (100.0 g) (2259 J g¯1) = 225900 J 5) Heating of 100.0 g of steam from 100.0 to 125.0 Celsius: (100.0 g) (25.0 K) (2.02 J g¯1 K¯1) = 5050 J 6) Summation of the results: 3090 + 33416 + 41840 + 225900 + 5050 = 309.3 kJ Problem 2: Determine the heat capacity of a coffee-cup calorimeter. During calibration 100.0 g of water at 58.5 °C has been added to 100.0 g of water, already in the calorimeter, at 22.8 °C. Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter in J/°C, if final temperature of the water is 39.7 °C. (Specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g °C.) Solution: 1) Heat given up by warm water: q = (100.0 g) (18.8 °C) (4.184 J/g °C) = 7865.92 J 2) Heat absorbed by water in the calorimeter: q = (100.0 g) (16.9 °C) (4.184 J/g °C) = 7070.96 J 3) The difference was absorbed by the calorimeter: 7865.92 - 7070.96 = 794.96 J 4) Calorimeter constant: 794.96 J / 16.9 °C = 47.0 J/°C Problem 3: Determine the final temperature when 10.0 g of aluminum at 130.0 °C mixes with 200.0 grams of water at 25.0 °C. Please note the starting temperature of the metal is above the boiling point of water. In reality, the sample may vaporize a tiny amount of water, but we will assume it does not for the purposes of the calculation. Solution: 1) The colder water will warm up and the warmer metal will cool down. The whole mixture will equilibrate up at the same temperature. The energy which "flowed" out of the warmer metal equals the energy which "flowed" into the colder water: Qaluminum = Qwater (10) (130 - x) (0.901) = (200.0 )(x - 25) (4.18) 117.13 - 0.901x = 83.6x - 2090 x = 26.12 °C. Important! Water didn’t cross temperature of phase transition – vaporization; otherwise calculation would be more complex. Calculation of reaction standard Gibbs free energy: For the general reaction aA + bB -> cC + dD ΔG°rxn = cΔGf°(C) + dΔGf°(D) - aΔGf°(A) - bΔGf°(B) Example: Calculate the Gibbs free energy for the following reaction at 25 °C. Cu (s) + H2O (g) -> CuO (s) + H2 (g) ΔG°rxn = ΔGf°(CuO (s)) – ΔGf°(H2O (g)) = (–129.7 kJ/mol) – (–228.6 kJ/mol) = 98.9 kJ/mol ΔGf° = 0; for elements in their standard state by definition. At equilibrium, ΔG = 0! Important points Application uses dot as a decimal separator. Special attention should be paid for units’ consistency.

Many concepts in chemistry can be difficult to grasp without being able to really see what’s going on! Learning and understanding how electrons orbit an atom is precisely one of those topics. Designed by professional educators, Orbitalz is the world’s premiere atomic orbital visualization app. Using high definition, three-dimensional models, Orbitalz allows the user to view and manipulate every type of electronic atomic orbital for a hydrogen atom. A perfect textbook companion, this app allows the user to rotate and view the shapes of the orbitals from any angle as well as superimpose the orbitals within a family to see how their positions in three dimensions interact with each other. Orbitalz includes the s orbital, three p orbitals, five d orbitals, and seven f orbitals. If you’re a chemistry student or just interested in how atoms are put together, then Orbitalz is for you!